2017-07-25 07:36:47来源:中国教育信息网
一、主动形式表示被动意义
1. 动词need, want, require表示"需要时",后接动名词或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。如:
Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫一下。
My house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。
2 在"be worth doing"短语中,动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This book is well worth reading 这本书很值得一读。
3. 在"主语 +be + adj +to do"这个句型中,不定式动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,则用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
English is easy to learn. 英语很好学。
4.连系动词(如:feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
This material feels very soft. 这块材料摸上去很柔软。
This apple tastes good. 这个苹果尝起来很好吃。
5. 有些表示主语内在性质或性能的不及物动词常与一些副词连用,用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义,其主语一般为事物。这些动词有:sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如:
The pen writes smoothly 这支笔写起来很流畅。
This kind of food sells well. 这种食物很畅销。
6. Won't或wouldn't表示"不愿"时,后面的动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
The door won't open. 这门就是打不开。
This box wouldn't move. 这个盒子就是移不动。
二、since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
三、主动与被动语态
在主动语态中,主语后面接人(be +动词原型)
被动语态(be+动词过去分词)
在主动语态中,主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中,主语是谓语动词的受动方。
在语法结构上,主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语,各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。
举例:
1主动语态:We use electricity to run machines. 我们用电力来开动机器。
被动语态:Electricity is used to run machines. 电力被我们用来开动机器。
2.主动语态:Bell invented the telephone in 1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。
被动语态:The telephone was invented by Bell in1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。
3主动语态:The snowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。
被动语态:He was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。
四、介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
五、数词用法易错点
◆“一两天”之类的表达
“一两天”可说a day or two或one or two days。但不能说成 one day or two或a or two days。类似的有:a year or two / one or two years 一两年 / a month or two / one or two months。
◆“一个半”之类的表达
表示“一个半”可用a…and a half或one and a half… 如:
We waited for an hour and a half. / We waited for one and a half hours. 我们等了一个半小时。
◆“每隔几…”的表达法
如“每隔一天”的说法有every two days, every second day, every other day,“每隔3天”的说法有every three days或every third day。
◆“另外几…”的表达法
如“另加2个星期”可说another / a further two weeks或two other / more weeks。
六、will与would的区别
1. 表示意愿时的区别
will 表示现在的意愿,would 表示过去的意愿:
Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。
She asked if I would go with them. 她问我是否愿意同他们一起去。
2. 表示征求意见或提出请求的区别
主要用于第二人称的疑问句中,will 和 would 均可用,would 此时并不表示过去,而表示委婉语气:
Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?
Will you please post the letter for me? 请帮我寄了这封信好吗?
3. 表示习惯和倾向性的区别
will 表示现在的习惯,would 表示过去的习惯:
This window won’t open. 这扇窗户经常打不开。
When he was a child, he would often go skating. 他小时候经常去滑冰。
would like / would love可视为习语,意为“想要”,其后接名词、代词或不定式:
I would like a cup of tea. 我想要杯茶。
We would love to go with him. 我们想同他一起去。
七、what的三种用法
引导名词性从句的what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
(1)具有疑问代词性质的what:意为“什么,什么样的”。如:
I don’t know what he needs. 我不知道他需要什么。(what在宾语从句中作宾语)
(2)在名词前表示感叹的what:意为“多么”。如:
Only then did I recognize what silly mistakes I had made. 只是在那时我才意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。(what在宾语从句中作定语)
(3)具有关系代词性质的what:意为“所……的”。
相当于“the+名词+that”或者all that,即好像是既包括了先行词也包含了关系代词,因此,有学者称之为关系代词型what。如:
What (=The thing that) happened after that was interesting. 后来发生的事挺有意思。(what在主语从句中作主语)
China is not what (=the China that) used to be. (what在表语从句中作表语)
The boy dived into water and after what (the time that) seemed to be a long time, he came up again. 他跳进水里,过了好像很久之后,他才又从水里出来。(what在宾语从句中作主语)